from django.db.models import Q

def make_q(operator, criteria):
    """
    Concatenates Q objects for criteria, which is a list of dicts.
    This centralizes this goofy awkwardness of handling the first item 
      differently than the remaining items.

    >>> print make_q(operator.or_, [{'x':1, 'y':2}, {'y': 3}])
    (OR: ('y', 3), (AND: ('y', 2), ('x', 1)))
    """
    criteria = list(criteria) # copy
    # Errors should never pass silently.
    #...
    #In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
    if not criteria:
        raise ValueError("Refusing to make an empty Q object (no criteria)")

    q_ = Q(**criteria.pop())
    for criterion in criteria:
        q_ = operator(q_, Q(**criterion))
    return q_